2015, 2015-P,
2016, 2016-P
6½-Digit THD Multimeters
6½-Digit Audio Analyzing Multimeters
The Models 2015-P and 2016-P Audio Analyzing
Digital Multimeters and the Models 2015 and 2016
Total Harmonic Distortion Multimeters combine
audio band quality measurements and analysis
with a full-function 6½-digit DMM . Test engineers
can make a broad range of voltage, resistance,
current, frequency, and distortion measurements,
all with the same compact, half-rack measure-
ment instrument . The Model 2016 and 2016-P
have twice the sine wave generator output of the
Model 2015 for applications that require test signals
greater than 8Vrms . The Model 2015-P and 2016-P
offer additional processing capacity for frequency
spectrum analysis .
frequency Domain Distortion analysis
For applications such as assessing non-linear distor-
tion in components, devices, and systems, DSP-
based processing allows the Models 2015-P, 2015,
2016, and 2016-P to provide frequency domain anal-
ysis in conventional time domain instruments . They
can measure Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) over the complete 20Hz to 20kHz audio band . They
also measure over a wide input range (up to 750Vrms) and have low residual distortion (–87dB) . The
THD reading can be expressed either in decibels or as a percentage .
In addition to THD, the Models 2015, 2015-P, 2016, and 2016-P can compute THD+Noise and Signal-
to-Noise plus Distortion (SINAD) . For analyses in which the individual harmonics are the criteria of
greatest interest, the instruments can report any of the (up to 64) harmonic magnitudes that can be
included in the distortion measurements . The user can program the actual number of harmonics to
be included in a computation, so accuracy, speed, and complexity can be optimized for a specific
application . (See
Figure 1 .
)
figure 1. frequency spectrum of 1kHz square Wave
0.35
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
•
THD, THD+Noise, and sINaD
measurements
•
20Hz–20kHz sine wave
generator
•
fast frequency sweeps
•
2015-P, 2016-P: Identifies peak
spectral components
•
2015, 2015-P: 4Vrms single-
ended or 8Vrms differential
output
•
2016, 2016-P: 9.5Vrms single-
ended or 19Vrms differential
output
•
Individual harmonic magnitude
measurements
•
5 standard audio shaping filters
•
13 DMM functions (6½ digits)
•
GPIb and rs-232 interfaces
0.3
0.25
Ratio to
Fundamental
0.2
0.15
0.1
aPPlICaTIoNs
• Wireless communication device
audio quality testing
• Component linearity testing
• lighting and ballast THD limit
conformance testing
• Telephone and automotive
speaker testing
0.05
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Harmonic
Figure 1
shows a plot of a square wave’s harmonics (frequency components) computed and
transmitted to a personal computer by the Model 2015 or 2016. a square wave’s spectral
content consists of only odd harmonics whose magnitudes are (1/harmonic number
×
the
magnitude of the fundamental). for example, the magnitude of the third harmonic is
1
⁄
3
the
magnitude of the fundamental.
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(U.S. only)
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A Greater Measure of Confidence
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS & SYSTEMS
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
2015, 2015-P,
2016, 2016-P
ordering Information
2015
2015-P
2016
Total Harmonic
Distortion 6½-Digit
Multimeter
audio analyzing DMM
Total Harmonic
Distortion 6½-Digit
DMM w/9V
source output
audio analyzing DMM
w/9V source output
6½-Digit THD Multimeters
6½-Digit Audio Analyzing Multimeters
figure 3. THD and 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Harmonics as a function of frequency
0
THD:
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
–90
–100
100
1000
10000
Levels relative to fundamental:
2nd harmonic
3rd harmonic
4th harmonic
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
2016-P
relative
output
level
(db)
accessories supplied
Model 1751 safety Test leads,
user Manual, service Manual.
frequency (Hz)
figure 2. Total Harmonic Distortion
analysis and frequency
response of a Portable
Wireless Telecommunication
Device
Device Under Test
figure 4. frequency response
10
5
0
Output
Transducer
Input
Transducer
relative
output
(db)
–5
–10
Source
Output
Signal
Input
–15
2015
MULTIMETER
–20
100
1000
10000
frequency (Hz)
Model 2015, 2015-P, 2016, or 2016-P
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS & SYSTEMS
Figures 2, 3, and 4
demonstrate how the
Model 2015, 2015-P, 2016, or 2016-P can
provide both time domain and frequency
domain measurements in a single test
protocol.
Figure 2
shows a sample test
system schematic with a telecommunication
device in a loop back mode test. The audio
analyzing DMM’s source provides a stimulus
frequency sweep, and the audio analyzing
DMM measures the response from the
microphone circuit.
Figure 3
shows the
resulting frequency domain analysis of
the THD and the first three harmonics as a
function of frequency.
Figure 4
shows the
time domain analysis of microphone circuit
output voltage as a function of frequency.
optimized for Production Testing
The Models 2015, 2015-P, 2016, and 2016-P can perform fast frequency sweeps for characterizing
audio-band circuitry in production test systems . For example, the instruments can execute a single
sweep of 30 frequencies and transmit both rms voltage readings and THD readings to a computer in
only 1 .1 seconds . With that data, a complete frequency response analysis and a harmonic distortion
vs . frequency analysis can be performed in a very short time . Thus high speed testing of the audio
performance of a high volume device such as a cellular telephone can be performed without reducing
the number of tests or reducing the measurements in each test . With these instruments, which are
optimized for production testing, test engineers can lower test times, in comparison to test speeds
achievable with general purpose audio analyzers, without sacrificing production test quality .
Dual output source
The Models 2015, 2015-P, 2016, and 2016-P include an internal audio band sine wave source for gen-
erating stimulus signals . A second output, the inverse of the first output, is also available, simplifying
the testing of differential input circuits for common mode or noise cancellation performance .
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A Greater Measure of Confidence
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
2015, 2015-P,
2016, 2016-P
figure 5a.
20
10
0
6½-Digit THD Multimeters
6½-Digit Audio Analyzing Multimeters
figure 5d.
10
0
C—Message Weighting Filter
CCITT Weighting Filter
—10
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
—10
—20
Gain (dB)
—20
—30
—40
—50
—60
10
100
1000
10000
Gain (dB)
—30
—40
—50
—60
—70
10
100
1000
10000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
figure 5b.
20
10
0
—10
A Weighting Filter
figure 5e.
20
10
0
—10
CCIR/ARM
Gain (dB)
Gain (dB)
—20
—30
—40
—50
—60
10
100
1000
10000
100000
—20
—30
—40
—50
—60
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Frequency (Hz)
Frequency (Hz)
figure 5c.
20
10
0
—10
CCIR Weighting Filter
The Models 2015 and 2015-P have a 4Vrms single-ended output and 8Vrms
differential source output . For tests that require a higher stimulus signal,
the Model 2016 and 2016-P provide a 9 .5Vrms single-ended output and a
19Vrms differential output .
Wide selection of audio filters
Five industry-standard bandpass filters are provided for shaping the input
signal for audio and telecommunication applications . Available filters
include the CCITT weighting filter, CCIR filter, C-message filter, CCIR/ARM
filter, and “A” weighting filter (see
Figures 5a–5e) .
The Models 2015,
2015-P, 2016, and 2016-P provide programmable, high cutoff (low pass) and
low cutoff (high pass) filters . Furthermore, the two filters can be implemented
together to form a bandpass filter . The programmable filters can be used to
filter out noise generated by electromechanical machinery on the production
floor or to simulate other types of system transmission characteristics .
broad Measurement flexibility
In addition to their THD, THD+Noise, SINAD, and individual harmonic
measurement capabilities, the instruments provide a comprehensive set of
DMM functions, including DCV, ACV, DCI, ACI, 2WW, 4WW, temperature,
frequency, period, dB, dBm, and continuity measurements, as well as
diode testing . This multi-functional design minimizes added equipment
costs when configuring test setups .
Gain (dB)
—20
—30
—40
—50
—60
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Frequency (Hz)
1.888.KEITHLEY
(U.S. only)
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A Greater Measure of Confidence
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS & SYSTEMS
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
2015, 2015-P,
2016, 2016-P
Wide band or Narrow band
Noise Measurements
The Models 2015, 2015-P, 2016, and 2016-P are
capable of measuring both wide band noise
and narrow band noise . Alternatively, these
instruments’ DSP (digital signal processing)
capabilities allow users to make frequency
domain measurements of RMS voltage noise
over the 20Hz–20kHz frequency audio band or a
narrow portion of the band . Furthermore, noise
measurements can be extracted in the presence
of a stimulus signal for fast signal-to-noise
computations .
spectrum analysis
The Model 2015-P and 2016-P have internal
computational capabilities that allow them
to characterize an acquired signal spectrum .
These instruments can identify and report the
frequency and amplitude of the highest value
in a complete spectrum or within a specified
frequency band . It can also identify additional
peaks in descending order of magnitude (see
Figure 6) .
The Model 2015-P’s and 2016-P’s
on-board capabilities make it simple to obtain a
thorough analysis of a frequency spectrum more
quickly and with little or no need for external
analysis software .
6½-Digit THD Multimeters
6½-Digit Audio Analyzing Multimeters
Frequency Spectrum
–20
–40
Between 1.0kHz and 1.4kHz
Maximum
2nd peak
3rd peak
Maximum left of 4th peak
4th peak
Maximum right of 4th peak
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
–60
–80
–100
–120
1.0kHz
1.1kHz
1.2kHz
1.3kHz
1.4kHz
Frequency
figure 6. The Model 2015-P and 2016-P directly identify peak values of the frequency
spectrum.
figure 7. rear panel of all models
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS & SYSTEMS
sErVICEs aVaIlablE
1-year factory warranty extended to 3 years
from date of shipment
2015-P-3Y-EW
1-year factory warranty extended to 3 years
from date of shipment
1-year factory warranty extended to 3 years
2016-3Y-EW
from date of shipment
2016-P-3Y-EW
1-year factory warranty extended to 3 years
from date of shipment
C/2015-3Y-ISO 3 (ISO-17025 accredited) calibrations within 3
years of purchase for Models 2015, 2015-P*
C/2016-3Y-ISO 3 (ISO-17025 accredited) calibrations within 3
years of purchase for Models 2016, 2016-P*
*Not available in all countries
2015-3Y-EW
aCCEssorIEs aVaIlablE
CablEs/aDaPTErs
7007-1
Shielded IEEE-488 Cable, 1m (3 .3 ft)
7007-2
Shielded IEEE-488 Cable, 2m (6 .6 ft)
8501-1, 8501-2
Trigger-Link Cables, 1m (3 .3 ft), 2m (6 .6 ft)
8502
Trigger Link Adapter Box
8503
Trigger Link Cable to 2 male BNCs, 1m (3 .3 ft)
7009-5
RS-232 Cable
raCK MouNT KITs
4288-1
Single Fixed Rack Mount Kit
4288-2
Dual Fixed Rack Mount Kit
GPIb INTErfaCEs
KPCI-488LPA
IEEE-488 Interface/Controller for the PCI Bus
KUSB-488B
IEEE-488 USB-to-GPIB Interface Adapter
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A Greater Measure of Confidence
Audio analyzing and total harmonic distortion DMMs
Magnitude (dBV)
2015, 2015-P,
2016, 2016-P
6½-Digit THD Multimeters
6½-Digit Audio Analyzing Multimeters
GENEraTor CHaraCTErIsTICs
FREQUENCy RANGE:
10–20kHz .
FREQUENCy RESOLUTION:
0 .007Hz .
FREQUENCy ACCURACy:
±(0 .015% of reading + 0 .007Hz)
1
.
FREQUENCy TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT:
<100ppm over operating temperature range .
DIsTorTIoN CHaraCTErIsTICs
VOLTAGE RANGE:
100mV, 1V, 10V, 100V, 750V (user selectable) .
INPUT IMPEDANCE:
1MW paralleled by <100pF .
DISPLAy RANGE:
0–100% or 0–100 .00dB .
RESOLUTION:
0 .0001% or 0 .00001dB .
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCy RANGE:
20Hz–20kHz .
HARMONIC FREQUENCy RANGE:
40Hz–50kHz .
FREQUENCy RESOLUTION:
0 .008Hz .
FREQUENCy ACCURACy:
±0 .01% of reading .
FREQUENCy TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT:
≤100ppm
over operating temperature range .
Measurement
Mode
THD and individual
harmonic magnitudes
THD + n
SINAD
AC Level
V rms
accuracy
(1 Year, 23°C ±5°C)
±0 .8 dB,
20 Hz to 20 kHz
2
±1 .5 dB,
100 Hz to 20 kHz
2
±1 .5 dB
100 Hz to 20 kHz
2
±(0 .13% of reading +
0 .009% of range)
20 Hz to 20 kHz
residual
Distortion
1
0 .004% or –87 dB
20 Hz to 20 kHz
0 .056% or –65 dB
20 Hz to 20 kHz
+65 dB
20 Hz to 20 kHz
Model 2015, 2015-P, 2016, 2016-P specifications
2015, 2015-P:
2V rms (50W and 600W) or 4V rms (HI Z) .
2016, 2016-P:
4 .75V rms (50W and 600W) or 9 .5V rms (HI Z) .
AMPLITUDE RESOLUTION: 2015, 2015-P:
0 .5mV rms (50W and 600W) or 1mV rms (HI Z) .
2016, 2016-P:
1 .25mV rms (50W and 600W) or 2 .5mV rms (HI Z) .
AMPLITUDE ACCURACy: 2015, 2015-P:
±(0 .3% of setting + 2mV)
1, 4
.
2016, 2016-P:
±(0 .3% of setting + 5mV)
1, 4
.
AMPLITUDE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT:
Typically 0 .015%/°C .
AMPLITUDE FLATNESS:
±0 .1dB
1, 4, 5
.
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:
50W ± 1W or 600W ± 10W, user selectable .
THD:
–64dB
6
.
NOISE: 2015, 2015-P:
100µV rms
2
.
2016, 2016-P:
250µV rms
2
.
DC OFFSET VOLTAGE: 2015, 2015-P:
±1 .2mV
1
.
2016, 2016-P:
±3mV
1
.
WAVEFORM:
Sinewave .
AMPLITUDE RANGE:
INV/PulsE ouTPuT (sINEWaVE MoDE):
DIsTorTIoN MEasurEMENT auDIo fIlTErs
None
C-Message
CCITT Weighting
CCIR/ARM
CCIR
“A” Weighting
NUMBER OF HARMONICS INCLUDED IN THD CALCULATION:
2 to 64 (user selectable) .
HI AND LO CUTOFF FILTERS (bus settable):
20Hz–50kHz . Can be combined to form
brickwall bandpass filter .
FREQUENCy:
Same as source output .
AMPLITUDE RANGE:
2015, 2015-P:
2V rms (50W and 600W) or 4V rms (HI Z) .
2016, 2016-P:
4 .75V rms (50W and 600W) or 9 .5V rms (HI Z) .
AMPLITUDE RESOLUTION: 2015, 2015-P:
0 .5mV (50W and 600W) or 1mV rms (HI Z) .
2016, 2016-P:
1 .25mV rms (50W and 600W) or 2 .5mV rms (HI Z) .
AMPLITUDE ACCURACy: 2015, 2015-P:
±(2 .0% of setting + 2mV)
1, 4
.
2016, 2016-P:
±(2 .0% of setting + 5mV)
1, 4
.
AMPLITUDE FLATNESS:
±0 .1dB
1, 4, 5
.
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:
Same as Source Output setting .
THD:
–64dB
6
.
NOISE:
2015, 2015-P:
100µV rms
2
.
2016, 2016-P:
250µV rms
2
.
DC OFFSET VOLTAGE:
2015, 2015-P:
±1 .1mV typ ., ±13mV max .
1
2016, 2016-P:
±3mV typ ., ±13mV max .
1
DIsTorTIoN MEasurEMENT rEaDING raTE
3
fundamental
frequency
acquisition
Mode
Single acquisition
or stored value
Automatic
fundamental
frequency
range
20 Hz to 100 Hz
100 Hz to 1 kHz
1 kHz to 20 kHz
20 Hz to 30 Hz
30 Hz to 400 Hz
400 Hz to 20 kHz
Minimum
readings
Per
second
14
24
28
5 .5
6
6 .6
INV/PulsE ouTPuT (PulsE MoDE):
FREQUENCy:
Same as source output .
DUTy CyCLE:
45% ±3% .
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE:
Same output impedance as the source output .
AMPLITUDE:
0 .0V ±0 .07V to 4 .9V ±0 .12V pulse open circuit
1, 3
.
0 .0V ±0 .05V to 3 .3V ±0 .08V pulse 100W load
1, 3
.
OVERSHOOT:
1 .0V maximum pulse open circuit
3
.
0 .2V maximum with 100W load pulse open circuit
3
.
UNDERSHOOT:
1 .1V maximum pulse open circuit
3
.
0 .45V maximum with 100W load pulse open circuit
3
.
NoTEs
1 . 1 year, 23°C ±5°C .
2 . Measured at V
OUT
= 0V with gain 100 amplifier and 2-pole 50kHz low pass filter, Inv/Pulse in sinewave
mode, HI Z output impedance, and no load .
3 . With HI Z output impedance and 1m 50W coaxial cable .
4 . HI Z output impedance, no load .
5 . 4V output .
6 . THD measurement includes harmonics 2 through 5, 1V rms output, HI Z, no load .
frEQuENCY sWEEP rEaDING raTE
Number of frequencies
5
30
100
200
NoTEs
1 . Input signal at full scale .
2 . V
IN
≥20%
of range and harmonics > –65dB .
3 . Speeds are for default operating conditions (*RST), and display off, auto range off, binary data transfer,
trig delay = 0 .
4 . Typical times: frequencies in 400–4kHz range, binary data transfer, TRIG DELAY = 0, Display OFF, Auto
Range OFF . Data returned is THD measurement plus AC voltage .
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(U.S. only)
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A Greater Measure of Confidence
DIGITAL MULTIMETERS & SYSTEMS
Time (seconds)
4
0 .2
1 .1
3 .5
6 .9
Model 2015, 2015-P, 2016, 2016-P specifications
sourCE ouTPuT:
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