19-4696; Rev 1; 9/09
Octal-Channel Ultrasound Front-End
General Description
The MAX2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end is a
fully integrated, bipolar, high-density, octal-channel
ultrasound receiver optimized for low-cost, high-chan-
nel count, high-performance portable and cart-based
ultrasound systems. The easy-to-use IC allows the user
to achieve high-end 2D and PW imaging capability
using substantially less space and power. The highly
compact imaging receiver lineup, including a low-noise
amplifier (LNA), variable-gain amplifier (VGA), and anti-
alias filter (AAF), achieves an ultra-low 2.4dB noise fig-
ure at R
S
= R
IN
= 200Ω at a very low 64.8mW per-
channel power dissipation. The full imaging receiver
channel has been optimized for second-harmonic
imaging with -64dBFS second-harmonic distortion per-
formance with a 1V
P-P
5MHz output signal and broad-
band SNR of > 68dB* at 20dB gain. The bipolar
front-end has also been optimized for excellent low-
velocity PW and color-flow Doppler sensitivity with an
exceptional near-carrier SNR of 140dBc/Hz at 1kHz off-
set from a 5MHz 1V
P-P
output clutter signal.
The MAX2077 octal-channel ultrasound front-end is
available in a small 8mm x 8mm, 56-pin thin QFN or
10mm x 10mm, 68-pin thin QFN package with an
exposed pad and is specified over a 0°C to +70°C tem-
perature range. To add CW Doppler capability, replace
the MAX2077 with the MAX2078.
Features
o
8 Full Channels of LNA, VGA, and AAF in a Small,
8mm x 8mm, 56-Pin or 10mm x 10mm, 68-Pin
TQFN Package
o
Ultra-Low Full-Channel Noise Figure of 2.4dB at
R
IN
= R
S
= 200Ω
o
Low Output-Referred Noise of 23nV/√
Hz
at 5MHz,
20dB Gain, Yielding a Broadband SNR of 68dB*
for Excellent Second-Harmonic Imaging
o
High Near-Carrier SNR of 140dBc/Hz at 1kHz
Offset from a 5MHz, 1V
P-P
Output Signal, and
20dB of Gain for Excellent Low-Velocity PW and
Color-Flow Doppler Sensitivity in a High-Clutter
Environment
o
Ultra-Low Power 64.8mW per Full-Channel (LNA,
VGA, and AAF) Normal Imaging Mode
o
Selectable Active Input-Impedance Matching of
50Ω, 100Ω, 200Ω, and 1kΩ
o
Wide Input-Voltage Range of 330mV
P-P
in High LNA
Gain Mode and 550mV
P-P
in Low LNA Gain Mode
o
Integrated Selectable 3-Pole 9MHz, 10MHz,
15MHz, and 18MHz Butterworth AAF
o
Fast-Recovery, Low-Power Modes (< 2µs)
o
Pin Compatible with the MAX2078 Ultrasound
Front-End with CW Doppler (MAX2077 68-Pin
Package Variant)
MAX2077
Applications
Medical Ultrasound Imaging
Sonar
Pin Configurations and Typical Application Circuits appear
at end of data sheet.
PART
MAX2077CTN+
Ordering Information
TEMP RANGE
0°C to +70°C
PIN-PACKAGE
56 Thin QFN-EP**
MAX2077CTK+
0°C to +70°C
68 Thin QFN-EP**
+Denotes
a lead(Pb)-free/RoHS-compliant package.
**EP
= Exposed pad.
*When
coupled with the MAX1437B ADC.
________________________________________________________________
Maxim Integrated Products
1
For pricing, delivery, and ordering information, please contact Maxim Direct at 1-888-629-4642,
or visit Maxim’s website at www.maxim-ic.com.
Octal-Channel Ultrasound Front-End
MAX2077
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS
V
CC_
to GND .........................................................-0.3V to +5.5V
V
CC2
- V
CC1
......................................................................> -0.3V
ZF_, IN_, AG to GND ................................-0.3V to (V
CC_
+ 0.3V)
INC_ ..............................................................................20mA DC
V
REF
to GND.............................................................-0.3V to +3V
IN_ to AG ...............................................................-0.6V to +0.6V
OUT_, DIN, DOUT, VG_, NP,
CS,
CLK,
PD to GND ..........................................-0.3V to (V
CC1
+ 0.3V)
V
CC_
, VREF analog and digital control signals must be applied
in this order
Input Differential Voltage ................................2.0V
P-P
differential
Continuous Power Dissipation (T
A
= +70°C)
56-Pin TQFN (derate 47.6mW/°C above +70°C) ..............3.8W
68-Pin TQFN (derate 40.0mW/°C above +70°C) ..............4.0W
Operating Temperature Range (Note 1).................0°C to +70°C
Junction Temperature ......................................................+150°C
θ
JC
(Notes 2, 3) (56-Pin TQFN) ..........................................1°C/W
θ
JC
(Notes 2, 3) (68-Pin TQFN) .......................................0.3°C/W
θ
JA
(Notes 3, 4) (56-Pin TQFN) ........................................21°C/W
θ
JA
(Notes 3, 4) (68-Pin TQFN) ........................................20°C/W
Storage Temperature Range .............................-40°C to +150°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) .................................+300°C
Note 1:
T
C
is the temperature on the exposed pad of the package. T
A
is the ambient temperature of the device and PCB.
Note 2:
Junction temperature T
J
= T
C
+ (θ
JC
x V
CC
x I
CC
). This formula can only be used if the component is soldered down to a print-
ed circuit board pad containing multiple ground vias to remove the heat. The junction temperature must not exceed 150°C.
Note 3:
Package thermal resistances were obtained using the method described in JEDEC specification JESD51-7, using a four-
layer board. For detailed information on package thermal considerations, refer to
www.maxim-ic.com/thermal-tutorial.
Note 4:
Junction temperature T
J
= T
A
+ (θ
JA
x V
CC
x I
CC
), assuming there is no heat removal from the exposed pad. The junction
temperature must not exceed 150°C.
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional
operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to
absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Typical
Application Circuits,
V
REF
= 2.475V to 2.525V, V
CC1
= 3.13V to 3.47V, V
CC2
= 4.5V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V,
NP = 0, PD = 0, no RF signals applied. Typical values are at V
CC1
= 3.3V, V
CC2
= 4.75V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 5)
PARAMETER
3.3V Supply Voltage
4.75V/5V Supply Voltage
External Reference Voltage
Range
CMOS Input High Voltage
CMOS Input Low Voltage
CMOS Input Leakage Current
Data Output High Voltage
Data Output Low Voltage
4.75V/5V Supply Standby Current
3V Supply Standby Current
4.75V/5V Power-Down Current
3V Power-Down Current
3V Supply Current per Channel
4.75V/5V Supply Current per
Channel
DC Power per Channel
Differential Analog Control
Voltage Range
SYMBOL
V
CC1
V
CC2
V
REF
V
IH
V
IL
I
IN
DOUT_HI
DOUT_LO
I_NP_5V_TOT
I_NP_3V_TOT
I_PD_5V_TOT
I_PD_3V_TOT
I_3V_NM
I_5V_NM
P_NM
VGAIN_RANG
VG+ - VG-
(Note 6)
Applies to CMOS control inputs
Applies to CMOS control inputs
0V to 3.3V
10M
10M
load
load
V
CC1
0
3.9
1.7
0.4
0.3
11
6.0
64.8
±3
6
3
10
10
18
8.3
105
CONDITIONS
MIN
3.13
4.5
2.475
2.5
0.8
10
TYP
3.3
4.75
MAX
3.47
5.25
2.525
UNITS
V
V
V
V
V
μA
V
V
mA
mA
μA
μA
mA
mA
mW
V
NP = 1, all channels
NP = 1, all channels
PD = 1, all channels (Note 7)
PD = 1, all channels (Note 7)
Total I divided by 8, VG+ - VG- = -2V
Total I divided by 8
2
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Octal-Channel Ultrasound Front-End
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Typical
Application Circuits,
V
REF
= 2.475V to 2.525V, V
CC1
= 3.13V to 3.47V, V
CC2
= 4.5V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V,
NP = 0, PD = 0, no RF signals applied. Typical values are at V
CC1
= 3.3V, V
CC2
= 4.75V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 5)
PARAMETER
Common-Mode Voltage for
Difference Analog Control
Source/Sink Current for Gain
Control Pins
Reference Current
Output Common-Mode Level
SYMBOL
VGAIN_COMM
I_ACONTROL
I
REF
V
CMO
CONDITIONS
(VG+ + VG-)/2
Per pin
All channels
MIN
TYP
1.65
±5%
±1.6
9.7
1.73
±4
13
MAX
UNITS
V
μA
μA
V
MAX2077
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
(Typical
Application Circuits,
V
REF
= 2.475V to 2.525V, V
CC1
= 3.13V to 3.47V, V
CC2
= 4.5V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V,
NP = 0, PD = 0, D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/0/1/0 (R
IN
= 200Ω, LNA gain = 18.5dB), D5/D4 = 1/1 (f
C
= 18MHz), f
RF
= 5MHz, R
S
= 200Ω,
capacitance to GND at each of the VGA differential outputs is 25pF, differential capacitance across VGA outputs is 15pF, R
L
= 1kΩ
differential, reference noise less than 10nV/√Hz from 1kHz to 20MHz, DOUT loaded with 10MΩ and 60pF. Typical values are at V
CC1
= 3.3V, V
CC2
= 4.75V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 5)
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
D1/D0 = 0/0, R
IN
= 50 , f
RF
= 2MHz
Input Impedance
D1/D0 = 0/1, R
IN
= 100 , f
RF
= 2MHz
D1/D0 = 1/0, R
IN
= 200 , f
RF
= 2MHz
D1/D0 = 1/1, R
IN
= 1000 , f
RF
= 2MHz
R
S
= R
IN
= 50 , LNA gain = 18.5dB, VG+ - VG- = +3V
Noise Figure
R
S
= R
IN
=100 , LNA gain = 18.5dB, VG+ - VG- = +3V
R
S
= R
IN
= 200 , LNA gain = 18.5dB, VG+ - VG- = +3V
R
S
= R
IN
= 1000 , LNA gain = 18.5dB, VG+ - VG- = +3V
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 0/0/0/1, LNA gain = 12.5dB,
R
S
= R
IN
= 200 , VG+ - VG- = +3V
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/1/1/0
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/1/1/0
41
9
35
3
VG+ - VG- = -3V
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 0/0/0/1, R
IN
= 200 , LNA gain = 12.5dB,
VG+ - VG- = +3V
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 0/0/0/1, R
IN
= 200 , LNA gain = 12.5dB,
VG+ - VG- = -3V
D5/D4 = 0/0, f
C
= 9MHz
D5/D4 = 0/1, f
C
= 10MHz
D5/D4 = 1/0, f
C
= 15MHz
D5/D4 = 1/1, f
C
= 18MHz
VG+ - VG- = -3V to +3V
MIN
47.5
90
185
600
TYP
50
100
200
830
4.5
3.4
2.4
2.2
3.9
0.9
2.1
42.4
10.1
37.6
5.4
9
10
15
18
33
dB
MHz
45
12
39
8
dB
nV/
Hz
pA/
Hz
dB
dB
dB
dB
dB
MAX
60
115
220
1000
UNITS
Low-Gain Noise Figure
Input-Referred Noise Voltage
Input-Referred Noise Current
Minimum Gain, High Gain Setting
Maximum Gain, Low Gain
Setting
Minimum Gain, Low Gain Setting
Maximum Gain, High Gain Setting VG+ - VG- = +3V
Anti-Aliasing Filter 3dB Corner
Frequency
Gain Range
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3
Octal-Channel Ultrasound Front-End
MAX2077
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Typical
Application Circuits,
V
REF
= 2.475V to 2.525V, V
CC1
= 3.13V to 3.47V, V
CC2
= 4.5V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V,
NP = 0, PD = 0, D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/0/1/0 (R
IN
= 200Ω, LNA gain = 18.5dB), D5/D4 = 1/1 (f
C
= 18MHz), f
RF
= 5MHz, R
S
= 200Ω,
capacitance to GND at each of the VGA differential outputs is 25pF, differential capacitance across VGA outputs is 15pF, R
L
= 1kΩ
differential, reference noise less than 10nV/√Hz from 1kHz to 20MHz, DOUT loaded with 10MΩ and 60pF. Typical values are at V
CC1
= 3.3V, V
CC2
= 4.75V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 5)
PARAMETER
VG+ - VG- = -2V
Absolute Gain Error
VG+ - VG- = 0V
VG+ - VG- = +2V
VG+ - VG- = -3V (VGA minimum gain), gain ratio with
330mV
P-P
/50mV
P-P
input tones
LNA low gain = 12.5dB, VG+ - VG- = -3V (VGA minimum
gain), gain ratio with 600mV
P-P
/50mV
P-P
Gain step up (V
IN
= 5mV
P-P
, gain changed from 10dB to
44dB, settling time is measured within 1dB final value)
VGA Gain Response Time
Gain step down (V
IN
= 5mV
P-P
, gain changed from 44dB
to 10dB, settling time is measured within 1dB final value)
VGA Output Offset Under Pulsed
Overload
Small-Signal Output Noise
Large-Signal Output Noise
Second Harmonic (HD2)
Overdrive is ±10mA in clamping diodes, gain at 30dB,
16 pulses at 5MHz, repetition rate 20kHz; offset is
measured at output when RF duty cycle is off
20dB of gain, VG+ - VG- = -0.85V, no input signal
20dB of gain, VG+ - VG- = -0.85V, f
RF
= 5MHz,
f
NOISE
= f
RF
+ 1kHz, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
differential
V
IN
= 50mV
P-P
, f
RF
= 2MHz, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
V
IN
= 50mV
P-P
, f
RF
= 5MHz, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/0/1/0 (R
IN
= 200 , LNA gain =
18.5dB), V
IN
= 50mV
P-P
, f
RF1
= 5MHz, f
RF2
= 5.01MHz,
V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
(Note 8)
D3/D2/D1/D0 = 0/0/0/1 (R
IN
= 200 , LNA gain =
12.5dB), V
IN
= 100mV
P-P
, f
RF1
= 5MHz, f
RF2
= 5.01MHz,
V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
(Note 8)
Gain set for 26dB, f
RF
= 5MHz, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
, settled
within 1dB from transition on NP pin
To reach DC current target ±10%
Gain set for 28dB, f
RF
= 5MHz, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
, settled
within 1dB from transition on PD
Gain set for 28dB, f
RF
= 5MHz, DC power reaches
6mW/channel, from transition on PD
V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
differential, f
RF
= 10MHz, 28dB of gain
V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
differential, f
RF
= 10MHz, 28dB of gain
Gain = 28dB, VG+ - VG- = 0.4V, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
,
f
RF
= 10MHz
-52
1.6
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
±0.4
±0.4
±0.4
1.4
dB
0.8
1.4
μs
dB
MAX
UNITS
Input Gain Compression
180
23
35
-67
-64.2
-61
mV
nV/
Hz
nV/
Hz
dBc
High-Gain IM3 Distortion
dBc
Low-Gain IM3 Distortion
Standby Mode Power-Up
Response Time
Standby Mode Power-Down
Response Time
Power-Up Response Time
Power-Down Response Time
Adjacent Channel Crosstalk
Nonadjacent Channel Crosstalk
Phase Matching Between
Channels
-50
-60
dBc
2.1
2.0
2.7
5
-58
-71
±1.2
μs
μs
ms
ns
dBc
dBc
Degrees
4
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Octal-Channel Ultrasound Front-End
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)
(Typical
Application Circuits,
V
REF
= 2.475V to 2.525V, V
CC1
= 3.13V to 3.47V, V
CC2
= 4.5V to 5.25V, T
A
= 0°C to +70°C, V
GND
= 0V,
NP = 0, PD = 0, D3/D2/D1/D0 = 1/0/1/0 (R
IN
= 200Ω, LNA gain = 18.5dB), D5/D4 = 1/1 (f
C
= 18MHz), f
RF
= 5MHz, R
S
= 200Ω,
capacitance to GND at each of the VGA differential outputs is 25pF, differential capacitance across VGA outputs is 15pF, R
L
= 1kΩ
differential, reference noise less than 10nV/√Hz from 1kHz to 20MHz, DOUT loaded with 10MΩ and 60pF. Typical values are at V
CC1
= 3.3V, V
CC2
= 4.75V, T
A
= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.) (Note 5)
PARAMETER
3V Supply Modulation Ratio
CONDITIONS
Gain = 28dB, VG+ - VG- = 0.4V, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
,
f
RF
= 5MHz, f
MOD
= 1kHz, V
MOD
= 50mV
P-P
, ratio of
output sideband at 5.001MHz, 1V
P-P
Gain = 28dB, VG+ - VG- = 0.4V, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
,
f
RF
= 5MHz, f
MOD
= 1kHz, V
MOD
= 50mV
P-P
, ratio of
output sideband at 5.001MHz, 1V
P-P
Gain = 28dB, VG+ - VG- = 0.4V, V
OUT
= 1V
P-P
,
f
RF
= 5MHz, f
MOD(CM)
= 1kHz, V
MOD(CM)
= 50mV
P-P
,
ratio of output sideband at 5.001MHz to 1V
P-P
VG+ - VG- = -3V, delay between V
IN
= 300mV
P-P
and
V
IN
= 30mV
P-P
differential
Differential
MIN
TYP
-73
MAX
UNITS
dBc
MAX2077
4.75V/5V Supply Modulation
Ratio
-82
dBc
Gain Control Lines Common-
Mode Rejection Ratio
Overdrive Phase Delay
Output Impedance
-74
dBc
5
100
ns
AC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS—SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
(DOUT loaded with 60pF and 10MΩ, 2ns rise and fall edges on CLK.)
PARAMETER
Clock Speed
Mininimum Data-to-Clock Setup
Time
Mininimum Data-to-Clock Hold
Time
Mininimum Clock-to-CS Setup
Time
CS
Positive Mininimum Pulse
Width
Mininimum Clock Pulse Width
t
CS
t
CH
t
ES
t
EW
t
CW
5
0
5
1
2
SYMBOL
CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
10
UNITS
MHz
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
Note 5:
Note 6:
Note 7:
Note 8:
Minimum and maximum limits at T
A
= +25°C and +70°C are guaranteed by design, characterization, and/or production test.
Noise performance of the device is dependent on the noise contribution from V
REF
. Use a low-noise supply for V
REF
. The
reference input noise is given for 8 channels, knowing that the reference-noise contributions are correlated in all 8 chan-
nels. If more channels are used, the reference noise must be reduced to get the best noise performance.
Not applicable to the MAX2077CTK+.
See the
Ultrasound-Specific IMD3 Specification
section.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5
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